ملخص الرسم الصناعي توجيهي 2026

Drawing DC Signals

A technical guide to accurately representing DC signals graphically by mastering axis scaling, unit definition, and precision plotting.

Factors Affecting Drawing Accuracy

• Scale selection ← Proportional representation
• Sampling density ← High precision
• Axis calibration + Unit labeling ← Clarity
• Tool precision + Human factor ← Final output quality

Sine Wave Drawing (Industrial Drawing)

A systematic guide to constructing sinusoidal waveforms using the circle method, focusing on geometric precision and time-angle proportionality.

The Circle Method: Step-by-Step

• 1. Set up axes (Voltage vs. Time) with scale.
• 2. Draw circle with diameter = Vp-p.
• 3. Divide circle into equal sectors (e.g., 45° increments).
• 4. Calculate time for each angle: t = ()/(360^) × T.

الموجة المربعة

A comprehensive guide to understanding, calculating, and drafting square and rectangular waves based on industrial drawing standards.

Drafting Procedure

• Step 1: Define axes based on the given scale (e.g., V/cm and mSec/cm).
• Step 2: Calculate T and split into t1 and t2 based on the duty cycle.
• Step 3: Convert time and voltage values into physical centimeters using the scale factors.
• Step 4: Plot intersection points and connect them to form the wave profile.

Drawing Triangular and Sawtooth Waves

A strategic guide to mastering the geometric construction of periodic signals by calculating time intervals, amplitude, and scale factors.

Core Mathematical Foundations

• Period calculation: T = (1)/(f)
• Total time: T = t1 + t2 (where t1 is rise time and t2 is fall time)
• Triangular Wave symmetry: t1 = t2 = (T)/(2)

Analog Circuits: Drawing and Standards

Mastering the standardization of electronic symbols, circuit analysis, and the functional design of power supplies and operational amplifiers.

Standardization & Passive Components

• Standards: DIN (VDE), ANSI Y32.2, European standards.
• Coils: Core types (Iron/Ferrite/Air) based on frequency ← Ferrite for high frequency.

Algorithms and Flowcharts

A comprehensive guide to mastering algorithmic logic and flowchart design, focusing on sequential, branched, and loop structures.

The Counter Logic (Counting Algorithm)

• Step 1: Initialize counter (usually Counter = 0).
• Step 2: Update rule: Counternew = Counterold + StepValue.
• Step 3: Execute tasks.
• Step 4: Repeat until the exit condition is met.

الدارات المنطقية

A comprehensive guide to designing, analyzing, and understanding digital logic circuits, from basic gates to complex registers and arithmetic units.

Shift Registers (4-bit)

• SISO: Serial In, Serial Out (1 bit per clock pulse).
• SIPO: Serial In, Parallel Out (Data shifts, then read in parallel). [[figure: p78SIPOregister]]
• PISO: Parallel In, Serial Out (Load all bits, shift out one by one). [[figure: p79PISOregister]]
• PIPO: Parallel In, Parallel Out (Instantaneous load and output). [[figure: p80PIPOregister]]

Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD) Exercises

A systematic guide to executing technical engineering drawings using CAD software, focusing on the transition from manual geometric concepts to precise digital schematics.

CAD Workflow Essentials

• Preparation ← Setting units, grid, and snap settings.
• Execution + Precision ← Applying geometric constraints to exercises 14-3 through 25-3.
• Verification ← Checking dimensions against original source specifications.

Control and Power Circuits

A comprehensive guide to industrial control systems, power electronics, and PCB design principles for high-performance exam preparation.

Rectification Circuits

• Half-Wave (3-phase, uncontrolled): 3 Diodes + Neutral wire → Output never hits zero.
• Full-Wave (3-phase, uncontrolled): 6 Diodes (No Neutral) → Higher DC output voltage.
• [[figure: p1003phasehalfwaverectifier]]
• [[figure: p1013phasefullwaverectifier]]

المتحكم المنطقي المبرمج (PLC)

A comprehensive guide to mastering PCB layout principles and the logic of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) using Ladder Diagrams.

PLC Ladder Diagram Rules

• Activation Logic: Output = 1 only if input logic result = 1.

Modulation and Communication Systems

A comprehensive guide to signal modulation, antenna symbols, and BJT amplifier configurations for industrial drawing and electronics.

BJT Amplifier Configurations

• Common Emitter: Voltage & Current gain + 180° phase shift.
• Common Collector: Current gain only + No phase shift (Voltage gain ≈ 1).
• Common Base: Voltage gain only + No phase shift (Current gain ≈ 1).

Representation Diagrams and Electronic Systems

A comprehensive guide to mastering circuit representation, amplifier classifications, and transistor configurations for exam success.

Amplifier Classifications

• Class A: Simple design + low distortion ← high fidelity.
• Class B: Push-pull operation ← high efficiency, high switching.
• Class AB: Hybrid (A+B) ← linear behavior + low distortion.
• Class C: High efficiency + poor linearity ← RF/High-frequency use.

نظريات الصوت

A comprehensive guide to sound wave phenomena, microphone applications, and the operational characteristics of audio amplifier classes.

Wave Phenomena: Interference, Refraction & Diffraction

• Constructive Interference: Waves in-phase → Resultant wave with doubled amplitude.
• Destructive Interference: Phase shift of 180° → Waves cancel out/reduce intensity.
• Diffraction: Waves spread around obstacles → No sharp shadows; most visible when wavelength ≈ obstacle size.

Color Theory: Principles and Applications

A comprehensive mastery of color properties, mixing systems, and psychological impacts for industrial design applications.

Color Fundamentals & Properties

• Value: Brightness/Darkness ← Reflective capacity.
• Chroma (Saturation): Purity ← Degree of mixing with neutral colors (Black, White, Gray).
• Light Waves: Violet (shortest) to Red (longest) ← Measured in Angstrom units.

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