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## الأسباب غير المباشرة *1. تسويات الحرب العالمية الأولى:** معاهدة **فرساي** القاسية على ألمانيا؛ روح انتقام؛ فشل صنع سلام دائم. **2. صعود الشمولية:** الثورة البلشفية **1917** و**ستالين**؛ **النازية** (**هتلر 1933**)؛ **الفاشية** (**موسوليني**)؛ توسع **اليابان** (**1931** منشوريا، **1937** الصين). **3. فشل عصبة الأمم:** إدانات بلا قوة (منشوريا **1931**، إثيوبيا **1935**، النمسا وتشيكوسلوفاكيا **1938**). حركة قومية متطرفة في ألمانيا بزعامة هتلر؛ توسع عسكري وإبادة جماعية.
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