Making friends

• friendship
• using -ing forms as adjectives
• using past participles as adjectives
• ‘reduced’ relative clauses using -ing forms and past participles
• phrasal verbs with on and out
• writing short essays

هل الصديق على الإنترنت صديق حقيقي؟

‘There are no strangers … only friends you haven’t yet met.’

نصّان عن الموضوع نفسه: واحد يشكّك بصداقات الإنترنت وواحد يدافع عنها.

2 Read the two texts quickly. Then answer the questions.

1 Which text is probably a news story?

2 Which text gives a personal point of view?

3 Which text complains about a common idea?

4 Which text refers to research done in the past?

5 Which text gives examples from real life?

3 Replace the underlined parts of these sentences with words or phrases from the texts.

1 It’s hard to describe [what] friendship [is really like].

2 Some people [say] that they are your friends, but aren’t really friends at all.

3 He’s just pretending to be friendly. His feelings aren’t [real].

4 150 is [considered to be] the largest number of friends most people can have.

5 All my friends are [approximately] the same age.

6 It was a long journey because we had to get to London [by going through] Paris.

7 There is no [way to be sure] that what he says is true.

8 My brother and I have a lot of ideas and opinions [that we share].

9 We [didn’t plan or arrange] to arrive at the same time.

4 Read the texts more carefully. Then decide whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE.

1 New research shows that online friendships are less real than ones with people you’ve actually met.

2 The size of online friendship groups seems to be very different from ‘real-life’ ones.

3 Samuel Holliday wrote the report by himself.

4 The writer of Text B would disagree with Samuel Holliday.

5 The writer of Text B has similar interests to most people.

6 The writer of Text B keeps in touch with his/her old school friends.

خمس نصائح تحوّل المعرفة إلى صداقة

It used to be thought that friendship was something that ‘just happened’ between people. However, many studies by social scientists have shown that becoming friends with another person is a complex process, but one that can be learnt. Making (and keeping) friends isn’t easy – it takes effort.

1 Read the text quickly. Then match the titles below with the tips in the text.

E Be interested

D Don’t let one mistake get in the way

A Be clear, but not too demanding

B Don’t try too hard

C Keep secrets to yourself

2 Use the words and phrases in Part 1 to complete the sentences below.

1 Please remember that what I’ve told you is ___, so don’t tell anyone.

2 My ___ idea was that he wasn’t very nice, but now I know him better.

3 It’s not polite to ___ about how clever or rich you are.

4 He seems to change between two ___: Sometimes he can’t stop talking, but sometimes he doesn’t say anything at all.

5 Tell the interviewers about your exam results. That will ___ them.

6 I’m not ___. If anyone has a better plan, I’ll listen to it.

7 She’s not a close friend of mine, just an ___.

8 Reading stories to children helps to create a ___ love of literature.

3 Complete the advice for each person below, using ideas and information from the text.

1 ‘I said something silly and I think he might be angry with me.’ Don’t worry. Just give your friend _ and make sure _.

2 ‘We see each other every day, but I’m not sure how to take it further.’ Show that you’re _ by (and of course remember to __ the answers!)

3 ‘Should I tell people about my big expensive house?’ It’s OK to tell people, but ___ because nobody likes that.

4 ‘Should I say what I want to do or let others decide?’ Say what you want, but don’t _. You need to find _.

كلمات بـ ⁦-ing⁩ وبـ ⁦-ed⁩ تصير صفات

Be clear, but don’t be a demanding person.

Here are the top five tips for turning someone you know into a lasting friend.

1 Look at the examples. Then circle the correct options to complete the grammar rules.

1 Many nouns / adjectives are made from the -ing / infinitive forms of verbs.

2 When -ing forms are used as adjectives, the meaning is active / passive.

3 Look at the examples. Then circle the correct options to complete the grammar rules.

1 These nouns / adjectives are made from the past participle / infinitive forms of verbs.

2 When past participles are used as adjectives, the meaning is active / passive.

2 Complete the sentences with the -ing form of the verbs in the box. (disappoint, care, move, convince, increase, live) 1 The largest ___ thing on Earth is a tree that grows in North America.

2 His excuse for being late wasn’t a very ___ one. Nobody really believed it.

3 It was a ___ book because I expected it to be much better.

4 She’s a very ___ person who always thinks of other people.

5 ___ numbers of people are using smartphones rather than computers.

6 It’s a very ___ story. It made me quite sad.

4 Complete the sentences with the past participle form of the verbs in the box. (expect, agree, choose, freeze, mistake, import) 1 Some ___ food nowadays is almost as good as fresh food.

2 I was surprised because the answers we got were different from the ___ responses.

3 I usually try to buy local food rather than ___ products.

4 I hope she’s successful in her ___ career.

5 Thinking that friendships just happen is a ___ idea. They take effort.

6 I was there at the ___ time, but my friend was late.

6 Circle the correct verb forms to complete the sentences.

1 We only offer a replacement or a refund for returning / returned items.

2 I think you’ll find this is quite a demanding / demanded job.

3 She went to the information desk to ask about her losing / lost luggage.

4 You need to send a writing / written application with your CV.

5 Scientists are worried about rising / risen sea temperatures.

Which particle, on or out, adds these meanings to the verbs?

1 showing something that was hidden or unclear ___

2 continuing to another stage ___

8 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. (work, hand, carry, stand, come) 1 I didn’t want the secret to ___ out, but now everyone knows.

2 Take one copy for yourself and ___ the others on to the next person.

3 It’s such a complex problem that only expert mathematicians can ___ it out.

4 I’m sorry for interrupting. Please ___ on.

5 I think the title should be in red to make it ___ out from the rest of the text.

تقصير الجملة الوصفية: بدل ⁦who⁩ قول ⁦-ing⁩

Students who talk during the exam will have to leave the room.

Students talking during the exam will have to leave the room.

1 What kind of clause is included in the first sentence of each pair?

2 When these clauses are reduced in the second sentences, which part do we take out?

3 In these reduced relative clauses, which form of the verb do we use?

4 Is the meaning of these sentences active or passive?

2 Rewrite the sentences using reduced relative clauses.

1 Passengers who want to continue their journey should wait at the bus stop opposite.

2 The city centre was full of cars which blocked the streets.

3 Students who hope to study science subjects need a qualification in maths.

4 People who answered the question correctly were very unusual.

5 Anyone who finds my lost bag will get a reward.

4 Rewrite the sentences using reduced relative clauses.

1 All cars which have been parked outside this building will be taken away.

2 The two people who were hurt in the accident were taken to hospital.

3 Letters that are posted at the weekend may not arrive till the next Tuesday.

4 We had dinner at a restaurant that had been recommended by friends.

5 Applications which are received after the closing date will not be considered.

6 Books that have been borrowed from the library must be returned before the end of term.

رسالة أو واتساب؟ اختار الوسيلة المناسبة

1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of these ways of communicating with friends?

الكتاب بيعطي ملاحظات ناقصة للسماع، وما في تسجيل هون، فبنتركها فاضية متل ما هي.

2 Prepare to write a short essay on this question.

‘How are technological ways of written communication different from letters, and which purposes or situations are better for different methods?’ You can use three main paragraphs, as in the notes in Activity 3, but how could you begin and end your essay?

مقال قصير ورسالة ودّية بلا أخطاء

Essay plan

3 Read the informal letter. Find the mistakes and correct them on the line underneath.

I’m just writting to say thanks for all the helpfull information you gave me about my visit.

I got back yesterday after quite a tireing journey, there were a few problems at the airport, but I wont bore you with the details.

Folowing your advise, I ate at the restaurant you recomended (twice in fact).

Its a much better way to see things and get a feeling for the place.

One place you didn’t mention was the Roundhouse Thaetre

So, it was a wonderful four day’s.

(and at a time when your there).