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ملخص Lesson 1A: Vocabulary and Grammar — Modal and related verbs، اللغة الإنجليزية

القوانين والتعريفات والأفكار الأساسية في الموضوع، من الكتاب المقرّر. راجعها داخل TawjihiAI مع البطاقات والأسئلة.

افتح الملخص في التطبيقكل ملخصات اللغة الإنجليزية
  • We use must to talk about what is right or necessary. There is no choice: A good lifeguard must be an excellent swimmer.
  • Have to is very similar to must. It can be used in all tenses:
  • I had to wear braces for two years.
  • You will have to keep this a secret.
  • Have to/have got to are often used to indicate that the obligation is from somebody else or from outside, while must is used to show it comes from the speaker. A common modifier with this form is really:
  • Your friend really must study harder. (= this is my idea – I want him to do it)
  • My friend has to study harder. (= there is an external reason – perhaps a teacher has told him this)
  • The verb need is used as a main verb (not an auxiliary): He needs to be courageous.
  • We use verbs like be required to / be obliged to in all tenses to refer to an ‘outside authority’ that gives orders or sets rules:
  • He was required to get proper qualifications.
  • We are obliged to come to school on time.
  • We use should/shouldn’t, ought to/oughtn’t to to give our opinion or advice. A common modifier with this form is really:
  • Animals shouldn’t suffer like this.
  • You really ought to be an expert.
  • We use be supposed to to talk about what should/shouldn’t happen according to rules or according to what is generally expected:
  • Animals are not supposed to suffer like this.
  • We use don’t have to and needn’t to mean ‘it isn’t necessary’:
  • He doesn’t have to work today.
  • Pupils don’t need to/needn’t do this.
  • Human divers are not required to do the job.
  • Actors are not obliged to be glamorous.
  • We use can/can’t and could/couldn’t to describe ability or lack of ability:
  • He could play chess better than anyone I knew.
  • To describe the completion of a specific action in the past, we use be able to. In negative sentences both be able to and could are possible:
  • Hamzah wasn’t able to/couldn’t visit us last week, but he was able to (NOT could) phone.
  • The police managed to find the child in time.
  • He succeeded in persuading her to help.
  • We use can/could/may to ask for and give permission:
  • Can/Could/May I ask you a question?
  • You can stay out late tonight.
  • Why has pollution of the beach been allowed?
  • We are permitted to enter the lab.
  • We use mustn’t, can’t and couldn’t to say that something is not permitted:
  • People can’t park their cars here.
  • Students are not allowed to go there.
  • We were forbidden to use the Internet in the office.
  • We use can to talk about things which are generally possible:
  • It can rain heavily in winter.
  • We use could/might to say that a specific thing is possibly true:
  • There could/might be life on other planets.
  • We use might to talk about an uncertain future intention:
  • We might go for a meal later.
  • This film is likely to win a number of Oscars.
  • It’s a very difficult test. Some people are bound to (are sure to) fail this test.