Language and vocabulary study

1 Look at the examples in the table. Then answer the questions. CONCRETE NOUNS ABSTRACT NOUNS

consumer

professor

product

consumption profession

production

1 What type of nouns are people or things that can be seen, touched, etc.? 2 What type of nouns are ideas that can’t be seen or touched? 2 Complete the table in Activity 1 with the words in the box. success people confidence politics government media politician identity commerce library newspaper books 3 Look at the examples. Then circle the correct words to complete the grammar rules.

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Every person is an individual. Losing brand loyalty means losing money. Like people, products have identities. He gave me some valuable advice. She doesn’t have many friends. There isn’t much information in the book.

Countable and uncountable Oil is often used in cooking, and some oils are better than others. I’m just going out to buy a paper. The present was wrapped in beautiful paper.

Complete the grammar rules

1 Countable / Uncountable nouns have both singular and plural forms. 2 The indefinite article a/an is only used / not used before countable nouns. 3 After uncountable nouns we use a singular / plural verb. 4 We use much / many before countable nouns. 5 We use much before countable / uncountable nouns. 6 Some nouns (e.g. paper and oil) can have only a countable / both a countable and an uncountable meaning.

4 Complete the sentences with a word from the pairs in the box. (Make the word plural if necessary.) 1 We haven’t got much ___ , so we don’t need to hire a large car.

2 Can you recommend a good ___ to stay in?

3 I don’t think all this _ will fit in the room. 4 Finding cheap _ can be difficult for new students.

5 How many ___ can we take onto the plane?

6 It will need a lot of _ to get this finished on time. 7 I had to stand on a to reach the top shelf. 8 He applied for a lot of , but didn’t get any of them. 5 Use the words to complete the pairs of sentences: once with a countable / plural meaning and once with an uncountable meaning. 1 time a I’ve already told him this three . b _ always passes more slowly when you’re waiting for something. 2 tea /coffee a The two most popular hot drinks in the world are and .

b Can we have two and three , please?

3 chicken a She doesn’t like beef, but she sometimes eats . b He keeps _ in his back garden. 4 chocolate a is this country’s main export crop. b These are the best I’ve ever tasted. 5 experience a He doesn’t have enough _ for the job. b Her life is full of interesting . luggage / case

accommodation / hotel 1 Look at the examples. Then complete the grammar rules on page 108 with the numbers of all the examples that show each rule. 6 Complete the definitions with an uncountable noun.

2 a fact: a piece of 3 a wardrobe: a piece / item of 4 a suitcase: a piece / item of

6 an orange: a piece of 7 a shirt: a piece / item of Examples A1 We need to buy a table. A2 You can put your books on the table.

B1 I met a man last week …

B2 … later, the man told me about his life. C1 The students in my class are all very friendly. C2 This café is popular with students. D1 I’m not interested in the music that my friends like. D2 She enjoys listening to music. E1 ‘I am a farmer / teenager / Palestinian.’

Period 4 / Language and vocabulary study

Period 4 / Language and vocabulary study 4 Complete the quiz with the where necessary.

small groups to answer the questions. (Use the

Complete the grammar rules Articles: main points

1 We use the definite article the when the reader or listener knows which one(s) we mean, e.g. . 2 Sometimes this is because we have said which one we mean or because there is only one possibility, e.g. . 3 In stories, we use the if we have already mentioned the person or thing before, e.g. . 4 If the reader / listener doesn’t know which one we mean, we use the indefinite article a/an for all singular, countable nouns, e.g. . 5 We don’t use any article with plurals or uncountable nouns when we are talking about things in general, e.g. . 6 Finally, we always use the indefinite article a/an when we want to tell someone our identity (profession, nationality, etc.), e.g. . 2 Complete the text with a / an, the or – (= no article). My father has been (1) _ farmer all his life. When I was (2) young boy, I wanted to be like him, but later I realised that (3) farmers don’t usually earn very much (4) money. I loved (5) music when I was at (6) school, but I knew it was difficult to be (7) excellent musician. So, I applied for (8) course in (9) agriculture. (10) course was interesting, and after I graduated, I went back to (11) area where I was brought up and got (12) job working for (13) government. Now I’m able to help (14) farmers who live here, and in my spare time I collect and record (15) songs that (16) _ local people have sung for hundreds of years. 3 Look at the examples. Then add a tick or a cross to the boxes to show whether the categories need the or no article.

Examples Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. We stayed at the Continental Hotel in Cairo. Christmas is always at the end of December. The Sahara Desert covers most of North Africa. Spain has one coast on the Mediterranean and one on the Atlantic. When I lived in the USA, I used to read the New York Times. The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Mountains Deserts

Lakes Rivers

Continents and most countries Towns and cities

Months

Seas and oceans

Newspapers

Countries with … of … (e.g. Republic of …)

Religious or other festivals

1 Which American newspaper is famous for financial news? 2 _ highest lake in the world is _ Titicaca. Which continent is it in?

3 What is _ longest river in _ world?

4 Which Arabic country is sometimes abbreviated in English to KSA? 5 Name ___ five great oceans of the world.

6 What is the capital city of ___ India?

7 Which month did ___ Ramadan fall in last year?

8 Which is _ highest mountain in _ Africa?