Language and vocabulary study

1 Look at the examples. Then answer the questions below. Examples A He wanted to go home. She refused to learn any English. Their parents promised to join them as soon as possible. B English people are accustomed to drinking tea with milk. They don’t object to paying local taxes. They’re not looking forward to going home. 1 Which verb form is are used in the examples in column A? 2 What kind of word is to in the examples in column B? 3 What verb form is used after to in the column B examples?

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets: infinitive or -ing form. 1 The manager decided to _ spending. (increase) 2 Don’t worry, I’m quite accustomed to . (wait) 3 We’ve all agreed to a party next week. (have) 4 I object to sorry for something I didn’t do. (say) 5 We are committed to this idea a reality. (make) 6 People here don’t seem to _ about their neighbours. (know)

3 Look at the examples. Then answer the questions below. Examples A They used to live in a small village. B We were/got used to living in an area where everyone knew everyone else’s business. In which sentence is 1 used to a verb to talk about the past? 2 used an adjective followed by the preposition to, with the same meaning as accustomed to?

4 Complete the sentences with used + to + the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 I think I’ve finally got _ this kind of food. (eat) 2 I like a stranger when I first lived here. (feel) 3 Because he works at night, he’s during the day. (sleep) 4 She _ watching films, but now she prefers reading books. (enjoy)

5 Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box. about for of from with on 1 The customer insisted _ speaking to the manager. 2 They accused me not telling the truth. 3 All his parents want to do is prevent him getting hurt. 4 She had to be satisfied getting the second prize. 5 Who is responsible causing all this mess? 6 She’s very serious _ wanting to be a doctor.

6 Look at the examples. Then complete the grammar rule by adding the same word in both spaces. Examples Apart from being a bit cold, I quite like this place. Despite living in the south for over fifty years, her accent remained strongly northern.

Complete the grammar rule Certain linking words or phrases that contain a (1) _ (e.g. from) or act like (2) _ s are followed by the -ing form of the verb.

7 Complete the sentences with the -ing form of the verbs in the box. have to go have look after save work 1 He is hard to understand because he speaks very quietly, as well as _ a strong accent. 2 Despite money for six months, I still can’t afford to buy it. 3 He’s thinking of getting a job instead of to university. 4 My mother is becoming ill as a result of such long hours. 5 What else don’t you like about the job apart from work at weekends? 6 In addition to _ the family, she has a part-time job.

1 Look at the examples. Then answer the questions below. Examples A A and C are both wrong so the answer must be B. B You should realise how lucky you are. C The volcano is still active, so it could explode at any time. I was born in 1942, so I must have been about six or seven at the time. I should have realised what it was. I’m sure we could have afforded a fridge then. 1 What time do all the underlined verbs on the left refer to? A the past? B the present? 2 What time do all the underlined verbs on the right refer to? A the past? B the present? 3 Which is the correct construction for ‘past modals’? A modal verb + infinitive of have + past participle B modal verb + present tense of have + past tense 4 Which pairs of sentences have the following meanings? 1 This is my advice. It was important to do, but I didn’t do it. 2 It is a possibility. It was possible, but it didn’t happen. 3 It’s the only logical conclusion left. This is a logical conclusion about the past.

2 Match the beginnings of the sentences with the correct endings. A (Present modals) 1 He’s eating it all, so a you should always take water. 2 You should always ask questions b by entering this competition. 3 When you go walking in the mountains, c it must be very tasty. 4 We could win a lot of money d when you don’t understand. B (Past modals) 1 You shouldn’t have blamed him because a he’d been here earlier. 2 He could have helped if b it could have been an electrical fault. 3 It’s not in my bag, so c it wasn’t his fault. 4 We don’t know what caused the fire, but d I must have taken it out.

3 Circle the correct form (present or past). 1 It is getting late and you look very busy. You must be / must have been exhausted. 2 We’re not sure yet, but this could be / could have been the solution to our problem. 3 That car nearly hit you. You should look / should have looked before crossing. 4 She could win / could have won the race, but she hurt her leg. 5 He must be / must have been out because he isn’t answering the phone. 6 The meeting is about to start. Everybody should turn off / should have turned off their mobile phones.

4 Complete the sentences with the past form of the modals in the box + the verbs in brackets. must (×2) could should (×2) 1 He realises now that he _ the offer of a job. (accept) 2 I can’t find my keys. I them at home. (leave) 3 There was no need to work late. We the job this morning. (finish) 4 Everyone is getting worried. Hassan an hour earlier. (arrive) 5 He is smiling. So he __ his exams. (pass)

5 Discuss the questions in pairs or small groups. 1 Is there anything you didn’t do or didn’t know in the past that you now realise was wrong or silly? I should have known/realised that … 2 How old were you when you spoke your first word? What was it? I’m not sure but I must have been … It might have been … 3 Is there anything in your past that you had the chance to do but didn’t? When I was …, I could have … but I … instead.