ملخص 3A Grammar: Reporting verbs and verb patterns، اللغة الإنجليزية

ملخص 3A Grammar: Reporting verbs and verb patterns، اللغة الإنجليزية المتقدمة

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Grammar — Reporting verbs and impersonal reporting structures: Reporting verbs and their patterns

Many reporting verbs can be followed by several different patterns, but this sometimes involves a change in register or meaning.
Verb + (that) + reported statement:
He confessed that he had broken the vase.
He predicted there would be a crisis.
Verb + object + (that) + reported statement:
He informed me that all the shops were closed.
He told me his brother had lost his job.
Verb + if/wh- word (whether, why, which, what, how, etc.) + reported statement:
They asked how often I exercised at home.
The children wondered why the museum had to remain closed for another month.
The doctor explained which treatment to use.
Verb + (that) + personal pronoun + (should) + infinitive without to:
They recommended that we (should) wear protective gloves.
Our boss demanded that we reveal the truth about the accident.
Verb + (not) to infinitive:
He promised to cook dinner for the family.
He offered to help me with my assignment.
Verb + object + (not) to infinitive:
He encouraged me to buy his book.
My brother persuaded me to try wind-surfing.
Verb + (not) gerund:
They admitted being unreasonable.
Kyle regretted criticising our latest idea.
Verb + (object) + preposition + (not) gerund:
They apologised for not having cleaned their bedrooms.
She insisted on inviting Harriet to her family party even though nobody liked her.
He congratulated me on passing the test.
Verbs with prepositions can also be followed by an object/genitive.
They complained about me/my having to share a room.

When we want to report what people generally say/think/feel, we can use reporting verbs in the Passive. We also use them when it is not important to mention who is being reported or for distancing the speaker from another opinion. There are two basic structures.
It + passive form of reporting verb + that:
It is believed that nature sounds help you relax.
It has been announced that there is an outbreak of a new deadly disease.
subject + passive form of reporting verb + to infinitive:
This position is believed to be effective in stimulating the brain.
Nature sounds are supposed to help you sleep better.
Knitting and sewing have been shown to be therapeutic.
To emphasise that a situation/fact happened before the time it was reported we use a perfect infinitive (to have + Past Participle).
The fire is thought to have been started deliberately.
To emphasise that a situation/trend is/was continuing at the time it was reported we can use to be + -ing:
More and more young people are thought to be using social media. (an ongoing trend)

When we report what people said, we usually:
move the original verb ‘one tense back’, except for the Past Perfect and modal verbs (see below for when we do not do this).
change pronouns as necessary:
‘I’ve found you a new bag.’ He told me (that) he had found me a new bag.
use ask + (object) + if/whether for yes/no questions. The word order of the question becomes a statement:
He asked (me) if/whether I could write.
use tell + object + (not) + infinitive to report commands:
He told me to meet him there that night.
She told her little sister not to scream.
use ask + object + (not) + infinitive to report requests:
He asked me to take the car back to the garage.
We use reporting verbs like, e.g. say, tell, ask, reply, answer, enquire, announce, order.